Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 14, 2026
Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Face transplantation: psychological outcomes at three-year follow-up
Kathy L Coffman1, Maria Z Siemionow
1Department of Psychiatry, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Kcoffman.coffman1@gmail.com
Background:
The advent of face transplantation has raised both ethical and psychological issues. Mortality of 18 existing face transplant recipients is 11.1% (2/18) through 2011.
Objective:
Psychological outcomes are as important in face transplantation as is restoring the face physically. Little quantitative information has been published this area.
Methods:
Data was systematically collected over 3 years with a face transplant recipient, including appearance self-rating, body image, mood changes, pain rating, perception of teasing, quality of life, self-esteem, and social reintegration. We identified a significant gap in rating instruments for use in the field, so we developed the Perception of Teasing-FACES, Facial Anxiety Scale-State, and the Cleveland Clinic FACES score, analogous to the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score for prioritizing patients for a face transplant registry.
Results:
Appearance self-rating rose from 3/10 prior to transplantation to 7/10 now. Anxiety about body image and the Facial Anxiety score were halved by the end of the third year. Beck Depression Inventory fell from 16 (prior to transplant) to 8. Chronic daily pain was 6-7/10 prior to transplant and 0/10 by day 50. Perception of Teasing-FACES scores fell from 25 to 9 by the end of year 3. Quality of life improved on the Social Environment Domain of the psychological adjustment to illness scale-self-rated (PAIS-SR), where the score dropped from 15 to 1 by the end of year 3, indicating marked improvement in social reintegration.
Conclusions:
Standardized data collection may help quantify psychological outcomes with facial transplantation to determine whether the risks of immunosuppression over time are offset by improved quality of life for recipients.
