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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Conserved Binding Sites01:49

Conserved Binding Sites

Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
Binding sites are often located in large pockets, and if their location on a protein’s surface is unknown, it can be predicted using various approaches. The energetic method computationally analyses the...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence the...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Genetic and Biochemical Approaches for In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Protein Oligomerization: The Ryanodine Receptor Case Study
12:43

Genetic and Biochemical Approaches for In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Protein Oligomerization: The Ryanodine Receptor Case Study

Published on: July 27, 2016

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2: structure, function, and diseases.

Qingping Yao1

  • 1Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases/A50, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. yaoq@ccf.org

Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
|January 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene are linked to autoinflammatory diseases like Crohn disease and Blau syndrome. Understanding NOD2 structure and function is crucial for diagnosing and treating these conditions.

Keywords:
Autoinflamamtory diseaseCARDCARD15Crohn diseaseDMDiseaseEGFRFMFGPAGVHDGene mutationIBDIPFLRRMAPMDPMSNACHTNAIDNBDNDNF-κBNLRC2NOD1NOD2NOD2-associated autoinflammatory diseasePGNRARICKRIP2SLETLRTNFαcaspase recruitment domaincaspase recruitment domain 15central NOD-like receptordiabetes mellitusepidermal growth factor receptorfamilial Mediterranean fevergraft-versus-host diseasegranulomatous polyangiitisidiopathic pulmonary fibrosisinflammatory bowel diseaseleucin-rich repeatmitogen-activated proteinmultiple sclerosismuramyl dipeptidenot significantnuclear factor-κBnucleotide-binding domainnucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor with a CARDnucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2peptidoglycanreceptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2rheumatoid arthritisrip-like interacting caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein kinasesystemic lupus erythematosustoll-like receptortumor necrosis factor α

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Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO
13:02

Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO

Published on: December 28, 2019

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Genetic and Biochemical Approaches for In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Protein Oligomerization: The Ryanodine Receptor Case Study
12:43

Genetic and Biochemical Approaches for In Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Protein Oligomerization: The Ryanodine Receptor Case Study

Published on: July 27, 2016

Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO
13:02

Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO

Published on: December 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular protein involved in immune responses.
  • NOD2 shares structural similarities with other pattern recognition receptors like NOD1, pyrin, and cryopyrin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on the structure and function of NOD2.
  • To investigate the association between NOD2 gene mutations and various diseases.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive search of English literature was conducted using keywords 'NOD2' and 'disease'.
  • Relevant original research articles and review papers were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Over 100 NOD2 gene mutations have been identified, with specific variants linked to Crohn disease (LRR region), Blau syndrome (NBD region), and NOD2-associated autoinflammatory disease (NAID) (NBD-LRR linker region).
  • No disease association was found for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, granulomatous polyangiitis, or multiple sclerosis. The link to graft-versus-host disease is uncertain.
  • NOD2 signaling activates inflammatory pathways (p38 MAPK, NF-κB) and enhances autophagy via RICK/RIP2.

Conclusions:

  • NOD2 gene mutations are significantly associated with several autoinflammatory diseases.
  • Specific NOD2 mutations hold diagnostic value for Blau disease and NAID.
  • Further understanding of NOD2's role in pathogenesis is clinically important for developing targeted therapies.