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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

[Thyroid in the elderly (Part 1)].

F Retornaz1, F Castinetti, C Molines

  • 1Pôle gériatrique, centre gérontologique départemental, 176, avenue de Montolivet, 13012 Marseille, France; EA3279, évaluation des systèmes de soins - santé perçue, université de la Méditerranée, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13006 Marseille, France.

La Revue De Medecine Interne
|January 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

As people age, thyroid hormone levels often decrease, and thyroid nodules become more common. This review aids clinicians in managing age-related thyroid changes and potential complications.

Keywords:
DysthyroïdiesElderlyHormones thyroïdiennesSujet âgé de plus de 65 ansThyroidThyroid DiseasesThyroid hormonesThyroïde

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology
  • Thyroidology

Context:

  • Aging significantly impacts thyroid function regulation.
  • Thyroid hormone levels in older adults typically fall within the lower range of normal population values.
  • Increased prevalence of thyroid nodularity necessitates reliable, non-invasive diagnostic methods in the elderly.

Purpose:

  • To review age-related changes in thyroid function and their clinical significance.
  • To address the challenges in interpreting thyroid laboratory data in older patients due to comorbidities and potential iatrogenic effects.
  • To provide guidance for clinicians managing thyroid diseases in aging populations.

Summary:

  • Aging is linked to altered thyroid hormone regulation, with typically lower hormone levels and a shift in TSH distribution (e.g., 97.5th percentile >6 μUI/ml after 70).
  • Thyroid nodularity increases with age, requiring advanced investigation techniques.
  • Comorbidities, drug interactions, and malnutrition in older adults complicate thyroid disease diagnosis and management, sometimes leading to iatrogenic thyroid conditions.

Impact:

  • Enhances clinical understanding of age-specific thyroid physiology.
  • Improves diagnostic accuracy and management strategies for thyroid disorders in the elderly.
  • Aims to reduce misdiagnosis and iatrogenic thyroid disease in older patients.