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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Estrogens, osteoarthritis and inflammation.

Marta Martín-Millán1, Santos Castañeda

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, IFIMAV, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Avenida de Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain. martinmma@unican.es

Joint Bone Spine
|January 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Estrogens possess anti-inflammatory properties, crucial for maintaining joint homeostasis and potentially mitigating diseases like osteoarthritis and cardiovascular conditions, especially post-menopause.

Keywords:
AtherosclerosisBoneEstrogensInflammationOsteoarthritis

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Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Estrogens influence diverse biological processes via multiple molecular mechanisms.
  • Estrogen's role in inflammation is context-dependent, exhibiting both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Acute estrogen loss elevates reactive oxygen species and promotes pro-inflammatory pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted effects of estrogens on pathological conditions.
  • To analyze estrogen's role in osteoarthritis, autoimmune diseases, and coronary heart disease.
  • To explore the protective potential of estrogen supplementation in postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on estrogen's biological effects.
  • Analysis of research on estrogen's impact on inflammation and disease pathogenesis.
  • Examination of data from animal models and clinical studies regarding estrogen replacement.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen deficiency is linked to increased inflammation and oxidative stress.
  • Estrogen replacement can attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.
  • Estrogen receptors play a protective role in maintaining joint homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogens demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory properties, crucial for preventing diseases like osteoarthritis and cardiovascular disease.
  • Estrogen supplementation may offer protective benefits in various inflammatory conditions, particularly in postmenopausal women.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the therapeutic potential of estrogens in managing inflammatory diseases.