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Strengthening encoding via implementation intention formation increases prospective memory commission errors.

Julie M Bugg1, Michael K Scullin, Mark A McDaniel

  • 1Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA. jbugg@artsci.wustl.edu

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|January 29, 2013
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Summary

Implementation intention encoding, a method to strengthen future intentions, unexpectedly doubled the risk of prospective memory commission errors in both young and older adults. This highlights challenges in deactivating completed intentions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Factors

Background:

  • Prospective memory involves remembering future intentions.
  • Research often focuses on omission errors (forgetting), but commission errors (erroneous performance) are increasingly studied.
  • Previous work examined retrieval factors for commission errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of encoding strength on prospective memory commission errors.
  • To determine if stronger encoding increases the likelihood of performing completed intentions.
  • To assess this effect in both young and older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Participants used either standard encoding or implementation intention encoding for a prospective memory task.
  • The study measured commission errors, defined as erroneous performance of a completed intention.
  • Both young and older adult groups were included in the laboratory paradigm.

Main Results:

  • Implementation intention encoding doubled the risk of commission errors compared to standard encoding.
  • This effect was observed in both young and older adult participants.
  • Encoding strength significantly influences the occurrence of commission errors.

Conclusions:

  • Stronger encoding, particularly via implementation intentions, increases the risk of prospective memory commission errors.
  • Individuals may struggle to deactivate the effects of strong intentions after task completion.
  • Findings have implications for understanding memory errors and designing memory aids.