The quality of hospital care for Medicaid and private pay patients

Understanding Medicaid performance relative to private payers and among other states may lead to better value.

Hospital Quality Alliance data from 2007-2008 were used to create composite "all-or-none" quality scores for nearly 900,000 nonelderly adult patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), or pneumonia.

Differences in the quality of care received by Medicaid compared with privately insured patients at the national and state levels.

Nationally, 88% of Medicaid beneficiaries received all appropriate processes of care when hospitalized for AMI, compared with 73% for CHF and 77% for pneumonia. Private patients received higher quality of care than Medicaid patients, but differences were small (1.3 percentage point difference, pneumonia; 2.7, AMI; 2.9, CHF; all P<0.05). At the state level, the differences averaged <3 percentage points across all conditions, but some states (2-8 states depending on the condition) exhibited significant (P<0.05) differences of >5 percentage points in favor of private patients. Two states exhibited significantly better quality of care for their Medicaid patients in excess of 5 percentage points. Quality scores for both Medicaid and private patients varied significantly by state but were highly correlated (correlations for AMI=0.80, CHF=0.84, pneumonia=0.80; all P<0.001).

Small national differences in quality between hospitalized Medicaid and private patients are promising, although merit close monitoring as states are forced to curb Medicaid reimbursements. Although quality for Medicaid patients varied by state, high correlations with private patients suggest that the factors driving quality have more to do with geographic factors in the delivery of hospital services than with state-established Medicaid policies.