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Related Concept Videos

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview

Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics

Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...

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Related Experiment Video

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Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation in High-Frequency Hearing Loss via Electric Acoustic Stimulation with Longer Electrode
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Extended-release hydrocodone - gift or curse?

Daniel Krashin1, Natalia Murinova, Andrea M Trescot

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Journal of Pain Research
|January 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

New long-acting hydrocodone formulations offer potential benefits like avoiding acetaminophen toxicity but may alter use patterns and increase dosing. Their abuse potential compared to short-acting opioids is also reviewed.

Keywords:
acetaminophen toxicityhydrocodonelong-acting opioidsopioid abusetamper-resistant opioids

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Pain Management
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Hydrocodone has been a widely used short-acting analgesic, often combined with acetaminophen.
  • Newer long-acting hydrocodone formulations are in clinical trials in the US.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages and disadvantages of novel long-acting hydrocodone formulations.
  • To discuss the abuse potential of these new formulations compared to existing ones.
  • To examine hydrocodone metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of pharmacological properties and clinical use patterns.
  • Discussion of opioid abuse potential and metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Advantages include drug familiarity and avoidance of acetaminophen toxicity.
  • Potential disadvantages involve altered use patterns and high morphine equivalent dosing.
  • Abuse potential of long-acting versus short-acting opioids is a key consideration.

Conclusions:

  • Long-acting hydrocodone formulations present a trade-off between benefits and risks.
  • Careful consideration of dosing, use patterns, and abuse potential is crucial.
  • Further research into hydrocodone metabolism and long-term effects is warranted.