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Related Concept Videos

Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Isolation of Intact Eyeball to Obtain Integral Ocular Surface Tissue for Histological Examination and Immunohistochemistry
05:15

Isolation of Intact Eyeball to Obtain Integral Ocular Surface Tissue for Histological Examination and Immunohistochemistry

Published on: October 20, 2019

Host defense at the ocular surface.

Eric Pearlman1, Yan Sun, Sanhita Roy

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Eric.Pearlman@case.edu

International Reviews of Immunology
|January 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in the cornea activate immune responses to bacterial keratitis and sterile infiltrates. Targeting TLR pathways and Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) exotoxins offers therapeutic potential for corneal infections.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Isolation of Intact Eyeball to Obtain Integral Ocular Surface Tissue for Histological Examination and Immunohistochemistry
05:15

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Published on: October 20, 2019

Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
06:38

Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues

Published on: August 4, 2022

A Non-invasive Way to Isolate and Phenotype Cells from the Conjunctiva
07:35

A Non-invasive Way to Isolate and Phenotype Cells from the Conjunctiva

Published on: July 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Corneal infections cause pain, vision loss, and may necessitate transplantation.
  • Contact lens wear can lead to sterile corneal infiltrates, causing pain and visual impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in bacterial keratitis and sterile corneal infiltrates.
  • To describe MD-2 regulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsiveness by corneal epithelial cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TLRs in corneal infections.
  • Analysis of MD-2 regulation in LPS responsiveness.

Main Results:

  • Both live bacteria and bacterial products activate corneal TLRs, initiating chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment.
  • Neutrophils, while crucial for bacterial clearance, can also cause corneal tissue damage and loss of clarity.
  • The Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) contributes to pathogenesis by inducing neutrophil apoptosis and promoting bacterial growth.

Conclusions:

  • TLR activation in the cornea leads to a spectrum of disease severity due to neutrophil recruitment and damage.
  • Targeting TLR pathways presents a viable therapeutic strategy for bacterial keratitis and infections from microbial products.
  • T3SS exotoxins of P. aeruginosa are identified as additional therapeutic targets for keratitis treatment.