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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak carbon–halogen...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...

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Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

Catalytic "triangles": binding of iron in task-specific ionic liquids.

Denis Prodius1, Fliur Macaev, Eugenia Stingaci

  • 1Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 15, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|January 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel task-specific ionic liquids (ILs) with unique positively charged iron triangles. These reusable metal-containing ILs show promise as efficient catalysts for synthesizing important organic compounds.

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyl(tropone)iron
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyl(tropone)iron
07:56

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyl(tropone)iron

Published on: August 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are versatile solvents and catalysts.
  • Metal-containing ILs offer unique catalytic properties.
  • Developing task-specific catalysts is crucial for efficient synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a new class of task-specific ionic liquids.
  • To evaluate the catalytic activity of these novel ILs in organic synthesis.
  • To explore their reusability as catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of novel ionic liquids featuring {Fe(3)(III)O(RCOO)(6)L(3)}(7+) triangles.
  • Structural characterization of the synthesized metal-containing ILs.
  • Application of ILs as catalysts in the synthesis of 2-pyrrolo-3'-yloxindole and indole-aldehyde condensation reactions.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and structural confirmation of septuply positively charged iron-containing ionic liquids.
  • Demonstrated reusability of the metal-containing ILs as catalysts.
  • Effective catalysis for the synthesis of 2-pyrrolo-3'-yloxindole and indole condensation products.

Conclusions:

  • A new class of task-specific, reusable, metal-containing ionic liquids has been developed.
  • These novel ILs serve as effective alternative catalysts for key organic transformations.
  • The findings open avenues for designing advanced catalytic systems based on metal-ILs.