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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

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Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Quantification of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Michael Schwarze1, Diana Stellmach, Marc Schröder

  • 1Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Berlin, Germany. ms@chem.tu-berlin.de

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|January 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new photoreactor design enables stable hydrogen production from water using carbon nitride photocatalysts. Stirred conditions yield optimal rates, though overall efficiency remains low, especially with impure water.

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Area of Science:

  • Photocatalysis
  • Renewable Energy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Developing efficient photocatalysts for water splitting is crucial for sustainable hydrogen production.
  • Carbon nitride (C(3)N(4)) is a promising material for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test a novel photoreactor for water reduction using C(3)N(4).
  • To investigate the influence of operational modes on hydrogen evolution rates.
  • To assess the efficiency and water source impact on the process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a newly designed photoreactor with controlled irradiation geometry.
  • Employed a sun simulator (1000 W m(-2)) for testing.
  • Investigated catalyst dispersion in circulation and stirred modes.
  • Conducted experiments with D(2)O to confirm water splitting.
  • Compared results to a photovoltaic-powered electrolysis setup.

Main Results:

  • A stable hydrogen evolution rate of approximately 0.41 L m(-2) h(-1) was achieved in the stirred mode.
  • Experiments confirmed hydrogen originated from water splitting, not the sacrificial agent.
  • The achieved efficiency was less than 0.1% compared to electrolysis.
  • Using tap or simulated seawater reduced the hydrogen evolution rate by about 50%.

Conclusions:

  • The developed photoreactor demonstrates stable hydrogen evolution with C(3)N(4) under specific stirred conditions.
  • Photocatalytic water splitting efficiency is currently low and sensitive to water purity.
  • Further optimization is needed for practical application in hydrogen generation.