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Updated: May 14, 2026
Phenol Red Thread-based Sampling Procedure for Untargeted Tear Fluid Lipidomics in Biomarker Discovery
Published on: December 12, 2025
A novel fluorescent lipid probe for dry eye: retrieval by tear lipocalin in humans
Po-Ting Yeh1, Richard Casey, Ben J Glasgow
1Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
Purpose:
A fluorescent probe was used to identify mucin-depleted areas on the ocular surface and to test the hypothesis that tear lipocalin retrieves lipids from the eyes of normal and dry eye subjects.
Methods:
Fluorescein-labeled octadecyl ester, FODE, was characterized by mass spectrometry and absorbance spectrophotometry. The use of FODE to define mucin defects was studied with impression membranes under conditions that selectively deplete mucin. The kinetics of FODE removal from the ocular surface were analyzed by sampling tears from control and dry eye patients at various times. The tear protein-FODE complexes were isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies, monitored with absorption and fluorescent spectroscopies, and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Immunoprecipitation verified FODE complexed to tear lipocalin in tears.
Results:
FODE exhibits an isosbestic point at 473 nm, pKa of 7.5, and red shift relative to fluorescein. The low solubility of FODE in buffer is enhanced with 1% Tween 80 and ethanol. FODE adheres to the ocular surface of dry eye patients. FODE produces visible staining at the contact sites of membranes, which correlates with removal of mucin. Despite the fact that tear lipocalin is reduced in dry eye patients, FODE removal follows similar rapid exponential decay functions for all subjects. FODE is bound to tear lipocalin in tears.
Conclusions:
Tear lipocalin retrieves lipid rapidly from the human ocular surface in mild to moderate dry eye disease and controls. With improvements in solubility, FODE may have potential as a fluorescent probe to identify mucin-depleted areas.
