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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
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Published on: November 5, 2019

Meningococcal vaccine evolution.

G Bona1, C Guidi

  • 1Pediatric Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara. gianni.bona@maggioreosp.novara.it

Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
|February 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neisseria meningitidis causes severe sepsis and meningitis globally. While conjugate vaccines have reduced disease from some serogroups, an effective vaccine against meningococcal B remains unavailable.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Neisseria meningitidis is a primary cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis worldwide, leading to significant mortality and morbidity.
  • Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) incidence varies geographically and by serogroup, with a substantial burden in developing nations.
  • Existing polysaccharide vaccines are less effective in infants, a high-risk group.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and effectiveness of vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis.
  • To highlight the challenges in preventing meningococcal B disease.
  • To discuss the impact of conjugate vaccines on disease incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Neisseria meningitidis epidemiology and vaccine development.
  • Analysis of vaccine efficacy data for polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines.
  • Examination of serogroup distribution and disease burden.

Main Results:

  • Conjugate vaccines targeting serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y have significantly reduced disease incidence.
  • Serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccines, introduced in 1999, led to dramatic decreases in disease.
  • Despite advances, no broadly effective vaccine is currently available for meningococcal B disease prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccine development has made progress in controlling several serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis.
  • There is an unmet need for a broadly effective vaccine against serogroup B, which remains a significant public health concern.
  • Conjugate vaccine technology has proven successful in inducing T cell-dependent immunity and immunological memory from infancy.