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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...

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Contusion Spinal Cord Injury via a Microsurgical Laminectomy in the Regenerative Axolotl
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Contusion Spinal Cord Injury via a Microsurgical Laminectomy in the Regenerative Axolotl

Published on: October 20, 2019

Spinal cord neurosarcoidosis.

Mimi Sohn1, Daniel A Culver, Marc A Judson

  • 1Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences (MS, KN), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (DAC), Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (MAJ), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Neurology (TFS), Drexel University College of Medicine, Allegheny Campus, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Neuromuscular Center (JT), Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (MAJ), Albany Medical College, Albany, New York.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|February 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord neurosarcoidosis (SN) diagnosis is challenging due to its mimicry of other neurological conditions. Extended spinal cord lesions may help differentiate SN from multiple sclerosis, with most patients improving with immunosuppressive therapy.

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10:49

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Published on: September 18, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Spinal cord neurosarcoidosis (SN) presents diagnostic challenges due to its similarity to other inflammatory neurological diseases.
  • This study reports on the clinical characteristics of 29 patients diagnosed with SN.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes of spinal cord neurosarcoidosis.
  • To identify potential distinguishing features of SN compared to other conditions like multiple sclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of medical records for 29 patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis and spinal cord involvement.
  • Data collection included clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings; outcomes assessed using the modified Rankin scale.

Main Results:

  • The cohort was predominantly African American (55%). Confirmatory biopsies were most often from lung or lymph nodes (62%).
  • Common symptoms included lower extremity weakness and paresthesias, with thoracic spinal cord involvement (78%) and intramedullary lesions (81%) being frequent.
  • Extended spinal cord lesions (≥3 segments) were noted in 77% of intramedullary cases. Cerebrospinal fluid Angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were rarely elevated (18%).

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis of SN often relies on extraneural biopsy due to the rarity of spinal cord confirmation (14%).
  • Longer spinal cord lesions may aid in differentiating SN from multiple sclerosis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis has limited diagnostic utility.
  • While most patients improved with glucocorticosteroids and other immunosuppressants, combination therapy was frequently required.