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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
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Published on: October 24, 2012

Remapping of border ownership in the visual cortex.

Philip O'Herron1, Rüdiger von der Heydt

  • 1Krieger Mind/Brain Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. oherron@musc.edu

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|February 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Object continuity is maintained across eye movements. Neurons in the visual cortex (V1 and V2) remap border ownership, ensuring object perception despite retinal image shifts.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Objects appear continuous despite frequent retinal image changes due to eye movements.
  • Neurons in early visual cortex (V1, V2) have fixed receptive fields, activating different neurons with each eye movement.
  • While V1/V2 neurons signal local features, some also represent global information like figure-ground organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether figure-ground organization, specifically border ownership, is remapped across retinal image shifts.
  • To determine if border ownership signals are maintained when an object's edge is moved to a new retinal location.

Main Methods:

  • Single-neuron recordings were performed in macaque V1 and V2.
  • Experiments utilized a paradigm where figure edges were made ambiguous by removing context.
  • The paradigm was adapted to move ambiguous edges across the retina via saccades or visual display movement.

Main Results:

  • Border ownership signals were found to transfer to newly activated neurons when the edge moved to a new retinal position.
  • This transfer of border ownership occurred regardless of whether the movement was induced by a saccade or by moving the visual display.
  • Newly activated neurons at the new cortical location successfully represented the border ownership of the moved edge.

Conclusions:

  • Figure-ground organization, represented by border ownership, is remapped in the visual cortex (V1, V2).
  • Object assignment to contours is maintained across retinal image movements, despite contours being coded in retinal coordinates.
  • This remapping mechanism contributes to the perception of object continuity during natural vision.