Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Vestibular System

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.

Equilibrium and Balance

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...

Indirect Motor Pathways

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells improved acute renal failure induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury: Focusing on toll-like receptor 4 activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress response.

Journal of physiology and biochemistry·2026

Same author

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Talk Between Ovary and Liver.

The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research·2026

Same author

Co-administration of subtherapeutic doses of yohimbine and NaHS potentially ameliorates CKD-induced necroptosis by modulating RAAS/ROS imbalance, sympathetic overactivity, and inflammation.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology·2025

Same author

Maternal Metformin Administration During the Pre-Gestation Period Improves Transient Cerebral Ischemia Injury in Male Offspring Rats.

Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin·2025

Same author

PAG Masked Protective Physical Exercise-Induced High H<sub>2</sub>S Levels in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats.

Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR·2025

Same author

Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Nitroprusside on CKD-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Rats: Role of CBS and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.

Neuromolecular medicine·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: May 23, 2013

The horizontal angular vestibulo-ocular reflex: a non-linear mechanism for context-dependent responses.

Mina Ranjbaran¹, Henrietta L Galiana

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, H3A 2B4.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|February 1, 2013

Summary

This study introduces a bilateral model of the horizontal angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (AVOR). The model successfully replicates target-distance dependent responses and matches experimental data during sensory plugging.

More Related Videos

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Published on: August 30, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: May 23, 2013

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Published on: August 30, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biophysics
Systems Biology

Background:

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes gaze during head movements.
Understanding the neural mechanisms of the horizontal angular VOR (AVOR) is crucial for explaining visual-motor control.
Previous models have limitations in replicating complex VOR behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a bilateral computational model for the horizontal angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (AVOR).
To investigate the role of non-linear neural computations at the premotor level in AVOR control.
To validate the model against experimental observations, including responses dependent on target distance and sensory plugging.

Main Methods:

Development of a bilateral neural network model simulating AVOR pathways.
Incorporation of non-linear computational elements at the premotor stage.
Simulation of the model under various conditions, including changes in target distance and simulated vestibular sensory loss (plugging).

Main Results:

The proposed bilateral AVOR model accurately replicates target-distance dependent VOR responses.
Model simulations demonstrate non-linear neural computations are key to achieving distance-dependent VOR.
The model's behavior during simulated sensory plugging aligns with experimental findings.

Conclusions:

A novel bilateral AVOR model incorporating premotor non-linearities provides a robust framework for understanding VOR.
The model highlights the importance of specific neural computations for adaptive VOR control.
This computational approach offers insights into VOR plasticity and dysfunction.