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Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

An Ex Vivo Porcine Model for Hydrodynamic Testing of Experimental Aortic Valve Procedures and Novel Medical Devices

An Ex Vivo Porcine Model for Hydrodynamic Testing of Experimental Aortic Valve Procedures and Novel Medical Devices

Published on: August 25, 2023

Virtual experiments of heart valve tissues.

Siyao Huang¹, Hsiao-Ying S Huang

¹Faculty Research and Professional Development Grant, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. shuang4@ncsu.edu

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|February 1, 2013

Summary

This study clarifies how heart valve tissue transmits mechanical forces to cells using image-based finite element analysis. Understanding this matrix-to-cell stress transfer is crucial for comprehending heart valve mechanics and remodeling.

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Culturing Mouse Cardiac Valves in the Miniature Tissue Culture System

Culturing Mouse Cardiac Valves in the Miniature Tissue Culture System

Published on: October 19, 2015

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

An Ex Vivo Porcine Model for Hydrodynamic Testing of Experimental Aortic Valve Procedures and Novel Medical Devices

An Ex Vivo Porcine Model for Hydrodynamic Testing of Experimental Aortic Valve Procedures and Novel Medical Devices

Published on: August 25, 2023

Culturing Mouse Cardiac Valves in the Miniature Tissue Culture System

Culturing Mouse Cardiac Valves in the Miniature Tissue Culture System

Published on: October 19, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Mechanobiology
Cardiovascular Research

Background:

Heart valve tissue comprises collagen fibers and valve interstitial cells (VICs), experiencing complex mechanical stresses during cardiac cycles.
The anisotropic collagen structure and heterogeneous cell distribution complicate valve mechanics.
While mechanical stimuli influence extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and cellular responses, the matrix-to-cell stress transfer mechanism remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanism of stress transfer from the extracellular matrix to cells in heart valve tissue.
To quantify and visualize stress distributions within heart valve tissues.
To elucidate the role of load transmission in heart valve function and cellular responses.

Main Methods:

Utilized image-based finite element analysis incorporating histological images of porcine heart valve tissues.
Incorporated nonlinear and anisotropic material property models for tissue simulation.
Performed virtual experiments to analyze stress distribution and force transmission.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that heterogeneously distributed collagen fibers transmit forces into VICs.
Quantified and visualized overall stress distributions in heart valve tissues.
Illustrated stress distribution around cells and force transmission between matrix and cells.

Conclusions:

Developed an effective predictive method using computational tools to study heart valve mechanics.
Clarified the role of load transmission in heart valves.
Provided insights into the relationship between mechanical stimuli, cellular mechanotransduction, and tissue remodeling.