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Capillarity in Fluid

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...

Gauss's Law

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If a closed surface does not have any charge inside where an electric field line can terminate, then the electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exit at some other point of the surface. Therefore, if a closed surface does not have any charges inside the enclosed volume, then the electric flux through the surface is zero. What happens to the electric flux if there are some charges inside the enclosed volume? Gauss's law gives a quantitative answer to this question.

Surface Tension

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
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Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface

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Hydrostatic pressure on curved surfaces is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics with broad applications in the civil engineering field. When fluid is in contact with a curved surface, as in a reservoir, dam, or storage tank, it exerts pressure that varies in magnitude and direction along the curved surface. To assess the total hydrostatic force exerted by the fluid on a curved structure, engineers typically isolate the fluid volume adjacent to the surface and analyze the forces acting on...

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Published on: September 9, 2022

Capillary condensation in a square geometry with surface fields.

M Zubaszewska¹, A Gendiar, A Drzewiński

¹Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, ulica Prof Z Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|February 2, 2013

Summary

Wetting influences capillary condensation in confined geometries. While scaling powers for coexistence line shifts are similar, prefactors differ between slit and square systems.

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Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

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Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Physics
Physical Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Capillary condensation is crucial in porous materials and fluid behavior.
Understanding wetting phenomena is key to predicting fluid behavior in confined spaces.
Surface fields significantly impact phase transitions in confined fluids.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of wetting on capillary condensation in a simple fluid.
To compare capillary condensation in a square geometry with surface fields to a reference slit geometry.
To analyze the role of surface fields in confined systems.

Main Methods:

Extended the corner transfer matrix renormalization group method.
Studied a two-dimensional Ising model.
Analyzed systems confined in L x L geometries with equal surface fields.

Main Results:

Confirmed that wetting influences capillary condensation.
Observed that the coexistence line shift is governed by the same scaling powers in both geometries.
Found that the prefactors for the coexistence line shift differ between the slit and square geometries.

Conclusions:

The study provides insights into capillary condensation influenced by wetting and geometry.
Results highlight the universality of scaling laws in phase transitions.
Differences in prefactors suggest geometry-specific effects on fluid behavior.