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Related Concept Videos

Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals01:27

Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals

Lattice energy represents the energy released when gaseous cations and anions combine to form an ionic solid, reflecting the strength of electrostatic interactions within the crystal. This process is fundamentally governed by Coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions, where the potential energy varies inversely with the interionic distance and directly with the product of ionic charges. As ions approach one another, the electrostatic energy becomes increasingly negative, indicating a...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
11:45

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Published on: August 17, 2017

Single ions trapped in a one-dimensional optical lattice.

Martin Enderlein1, Thomas Huber, Christian Schneider

  • 1Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|February 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We demonstrate 3D optical trapping of single ions in an optical lattice. An alternative transfer protocol avoids ion heating caused by radio-frequency (rf) fields during loading, enabling ultracold chemistry and quantum simulations.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
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Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Published on: January 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • Optical lattices are crucial for quantum simulations and ultracold chemistry.
  • Trapping single ions in optical lattices presents challenges, particularly concerning heating effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate three-dimensional optical trapping of single ions in a one-dimensional optical lattice.
  • To characterize trapping parameters and investigate ion heating mechanisms.
  • To develop an alternative ion transfer protocol to mitigate heating.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a hybrid trap combining radio-frequency (rf), dc, and optical potentials.
  • Employed a single ion as a sensor to characterize the optical lattice.
  • Performed Monte Carlo simulations to identify heating sources.
  • Developed and tested an alternative ion transfer protocol using a single-beam trap.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant ion heating when loading directly into the optical lattice from an rf trap.
  • Identified rf-induced parametric excitations as the dominant heating source.
  • Demonstrated a successful alternative transfer protocol that avoids ion heating.

Conclusions:

  • Direct loading into deep optical lattices from rf traps induces significant heating.
  • An intermediate single-beam optical trap effectively mitigates heating during ion transfer.
  • The developed protocol is promising for hybrid and pure optical traps in ultracold chemistry and quantum simulation experiments.