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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
Graphing the Wave Function01:13

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Consider the wave equation for a sinusoidal wave moving in the positive x-direction. The wave equation is a function of both position and time. From the wave equation, two different graphs can be plotted.

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

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Published on: August 5, 2013

X-ray waveguide mode in resonance with a periodic structure.

K Okamoto1, T Noma, A Komoto

  • 1Frontier Research Center, Canon Inc., 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan.

Physical Review Letters
|February 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new x-ray waveguide using photonic crystals. This method confines x-rays efficiently, enabling low-loss, single-mode propagation for advanced applications in x-ray physics.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Optics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • X-ray waveguiding is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Existing methods face challenges with loss and mode control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel x-ray waveguide concept.
  • To demonstrate low-loss, single-mode x-ray propagation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing electromagnetism in photonic crystals.
  • Designing a waveguide with periodic core and claddings.
  • Confining x-rays via total internal reflection and multiple interference.

Main Results:

  • Formation of a characteristic waveguide mode.
  • Achieved distinctively low propagation loss.
  • Enabled single-mode propagation of x-rays.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed photonic crystal waveguide offers efficient x-ray confinement.
  • This technology enables low-loss, single-mode x-ray propagation.
  • Opens possibilities for coherent imaging and x-ray quantum optics.