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Updated: May 14, 2026

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

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Published on: February 17, 2019

Maximal air bubble entrainment at liquid-drop impact.

Wilco Bouwhuis¹, Roeland C A van der Veen, Tuan Tran

¹Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute, and Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters

|February 2, 2013

Summary

Liquid drop impact can entrap air bubbles. We found an optimal impact velocity and droplet size that maximizes bubble entrapment, balancing inertia and capillary forces for applications in printing and microelectronics.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Area of Science:

Fluid dynamics
Surface science
Interfacial phenomena

Background:

Air bubble entrapment occurs during liquid drop impacts on solid surfaces.
Bubble size is influenced by competing inertial and capillary forces.
Understanding these dynamics is crucial for various technological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the factors governing air bubble entrapment during liquid drop impact.
To identify conditions that lead to maximal air bubble entrapment.
To explore the interplay between impact velocity, droplet size, and fluid properties.

Main Methods:

Experimental drop impact studies using ethanol droplets.
Theoretical analysis of fluid dynamics and surface tension effects.
Numerical simulations to model bubble entrapment dynamics.

Main Results:

Two competing effects, inertia and capillary forces, influence bubble size.
Maximal air bubble entrapment occurs at an intermediate impact velocity.
For a 1.8 mm ethanol droplet, optimal entrapment is at 0.25 m/s.

Conclusions:

An optimal condition exists for maximizing air bubble entrapment during drop impact.
This finding is relevant for optimizing processes in printing, microelectronics, and diagnostics.
The study provides insights into interfacial dynamics with practical implications.