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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders

Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
Behavior Therapy01:22

Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
Exposure therapy is a cornerstone of behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders. It involves systematic exposure to feared stimuli, either in real...
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Modeling in Therapy

Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
09:29

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Published on: January 9, 2015

Augmentation strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Shyam Sundar Arumugham1, Janardhan Y C Reddy

  • 1Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
|February 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Many patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not respond to SSRIs. Augmentation strategies, including antipsychotics and cognitive-behavior therapy, offer effective treatment options for treatment-resistant OCD.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • A significant proportion of OCD patients (40-60%) exhibit inadequate response or resistance to SSRI monotherapy.
  • Augmentation strategies are crucial for managing treatment-resistant OCD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing evidence for various augmentation strategies in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • To identify the most effective augmentation options for SSRI-refractory OCD.
  • To summarize the evidence base for novel and established augmentation treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of available evidence.
  • Analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), open-label trials, and case series.
  • Evaluation of augmentation agents including antipsychotics, other psychotropic medications, and non-pharmacological interventions.

Main Results:

  • Antipsychotic augmentation (risperidone, haloperidol, aripiprazole) and cognitive-behavior therapy demonstrate the strongest evidence for efficacy in OCD.
  • Preliminary evidence supports the use of ondansetron, memantine, riluzole, clomipramine, mirtazapine, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
  • Ablative neurosurgery and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are reserved for carefully selected, highly refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Augmentation strategies are essential for improving treatment outcomes in non-responsive OCD patients.
  • Antipsychotics and CBT represent the most evidence-based augmentation options.
  • Further research is needed to solidify the evidence for other emerging augmentation strategies in OCD treatment.