Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Use of synergistic mixture of chelating agents for in situ LDH growth on the surface of PEO-treated AZ91.

Scientific reports·2020
Same author

PEO coatings design for Mg-Ca alloy for cardiovascular stent and bone regeneration applications.

Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications·2019
Same author

Chelating agent-assisted in situ LDH growth on the surface of magnesium alloy.

Scientific reports·2018
Same author

Antimicrobial activity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole released from environmentally friendly nanostructured layered double hydroxides.

Journal of applied microbiology·2017
Same author

Corrosion inhibition of copper in aqueous chloride solution by 1H-1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole and their combinations: electrochemical, Raman and theoretical studies.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2017
Same author

Melting temperature of metal polycrystalline nanowires electrochemically deposited into the pores of anodic aluminum oxide.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Demonstrating the Simplicity and In Situ Temperature Monitoring of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides Suitable for Thermoelectrics
04:09

Demonstrating the Simplicity and In Situ Temperature Monitoring of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides Suitable for Thermoelectrics

Published on: August 30, 2024

A copper-deficient tetragonal phase derived from chalcopyrite CuGaS2.

A N Salak1, A L Zhaludkevich, B V Korzun

  • 1Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. salak@ua.pt

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|February 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Direct synthesis of copper gallium sulfide (CuGaS2) revealed distinct Cu-rich and Ga-rich regions. A new tetragonal phase, Cu(5)Ga(9)S(16), was identified, and ordered defect compounds are unlikely in this sulfur-based system.

More Related Videos

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries
09:51

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries

Published on: April 22, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Demonstrating the Simplicity and In Situ Temperature Monitoring of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides Suitable for Thermoelectrics
04:09

Demonstrating the Simplicity and In Situ Temperature Monitoring of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides Suitable for Thermoelectrics

Published on: August 30, 2024

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries
09:51

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries

Published on: April 22, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Copper gallium sulfide (CuGaS2) is a ternary compound with potential applications in optoelectronics.
  • Understanding phase formation and crystal structures is crucial for material property control.
  • Previous studies have explored related Cu-Ga-chalcogenide systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct synthesis of CuGaS2 from elemental precursors.
  • To characterize the resulting phases and their crystallographic properties.
  • To determine the likelihood of ordered defect compound (ODC) formation in the Cu-Ga-S system.

Main Methods:

  • Direct synthesis using elemental Cu, Ga, and S in a two-zone furnace.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification and crystal structure determination.
  • Analysis of compositional variations across the synthesized ingot.

Main Results:

  • Macro-separation into Cu-rich and Ga-rich regions observed.
  • Cu-rich regions contained near-stoichiometric CuGaS2 (chalcopyrite, I42d) and copper sulfides.
  • Ga-rich regions showed Cu-deficient chalcopyrite and a novel tetragonal phase (I4m2) with composition near Cu(5)Ga(9)S(16), exhibiting lattice parameters a = 3.7777(2) Å, c = 5.2483(4) Å.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized CuGaS2 exhibits phase segregation, indicating sensitivity to stoichiometry.
  • A new tetragonal phase, Cu(5)Ga(9)S(16), was discovered in the Ga-rich region.
  • The Cu-deficient chalcopyrite-like phase is not an ODC, and ODC formation is unlikely in the Cu-Ga-S system, unlike related selenide and telluride systems.