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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Updated: May 14, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Malignant and benign sinonasal paragangliomas.

Konstantinos Papaspyrou¹, Hans-Juergen Welkoborsky, Haralampos Gouveris

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. konpapasp@yahoo.com

The Laryngoscope

|February 2, 2013

Summary

Sinonasal paragangliomas (PGLs) are often malignant and aggressive, with a high risk of brain metastasis and poor prognosis. Clinical behavior, not histology, determines malignancy, necessitating long-term follow-up.

Keywords:

Malignant benign paragangliomas sinonasal

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Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas

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Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Otorhinolaryngology
Neuro-oncology
Pathology

Background:

Sinonasal paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors.
Understanding their clinical behavior is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the clinical course and management strategies for sinonasal paragangliomas.
To highlight the prognostic implications of these tumors.

Main Methods:

Retrospective chart review of six patients diagnosed with sinonasal PGLs.
Analysis of clinical behavior, treatment modalities, and outcomes.

Main Results:

Three patients exhibited malignant behavior, including cerebral metastases and local recurrence.
Three patients had a benign clinical course.
Malignancy was determined by clinical behavior, not histological findings.

Conclusions:

Sinonasal PGLs frequently present as malignant and aggressive tumors.
High rates of local spread, intracranial metastasis, and poor prognosis are observed in malignant cases.
Long-term surveillance, particularly for intracranial involvement, is essential due to the potential for late recurrence or metastasis.