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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
07:22

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Published on: March 14, 2025

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

Florence Castelain1, Phillip Humbert

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, France.

Current Drug Safety
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe drug-induced skin reaction requiring immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and supportive care are crucial, with intravenous immunoglobulin potentially improving outcomes for this rare but life-threatening condition.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
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A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Published on: March 14, 2025

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, severe mucocutaneous drug reaction.
  • It involves massive keratinocyte apoptosis, leading to significant fluid loss and infection risk.
  • TEN affects 1-2 individuals per million annually, with a mortality rate up to 30%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key aspects of Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).
  • To highlight the diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses for TEN.
  • To discuss current understanding of TEN pathophysiology and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic methods for TEN.
  • Analysis of differential diagnoses for TEN.
  • Examination of prognostic scores like SCORTEN.
  • Discussion of potential etiologies, including drugs, infections, and immune pathways.
  • Evaluation of current treatment approaches for TEN.

Main Results:

  • Clinical diagnosis involves mucocutaneous detachment >30% body area.
  • Histological examination confirms necrotic keratinocytes.
  • SCORTEN is a widely used prognostic score.
  • Drugs are the primary cause, but infections can also be involved.
  • Immune pathways involving T and NK cells are implicated in TEN pathophysiology.

Conclusions:

  • TEN is a medical emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and specialized care.
  • Supportive care, including wound management, is fundamental.
  • High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin may offer a therapeutic benefit in TEN management.