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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...

Microtubule Instability

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...

Microtubule Instability

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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...

In vitro Mutagenesis

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Genomes on the edge: programmed genome instability in ciliates.

John R Bracht¹, Wenwen Fang, Aaron David Goldman

¹Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

|February 5, 2013

Summary

Ciliates utilize RNA molecules to rearrange their genomes during development. This review highlights RNA

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Area of Science:

* Molecular Biology
* Genetics
* Eukaryotic Microbiology

Background:

* Ciliates are ancient microbial eukaryotes with diverse genetic systems.
* They serve as powerful models for studying RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance.
* Noncoding RNAs and proteins like transposases are involved in genome rearrangements.

Purpose of the Study:

* To review the role of RNA in shaping ciliate genome structure.
* To discuss recent discoveries unifying diverse ciliate genetic systems.
* To explore the evolutionary changes in small RNA function.

Main Methods:

* Review of existing literature on ciliate genetics and epigenetics.
* Analysis of comparative genomics data.
* Examination of RNA-mediated genome rearrangement mechanisms.

Main Results:

* RNA plays a crucial role in orchestrating genome rearrangements in ciliates.
* Discoveries are unifying previously distinct ciliate genetic systems.
* A significant evolutionary shift in small RNA function has been observed.

Conclusions:

* RNA is a key factor in ciliate genome evolution and development.
* Ciliate genetic systems share more commonalities than previously thought.
* Understanding these systems provides insights into eukaryotic genome plasticity.