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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats
10:35

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

Published on: November 11, 2013

Fatal cutaneous anthrax in a heroin user.

S Meghji1, O Judd, E Carr

  • 1Medical School, University of Leicester, UK.

The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cutaneous anthrax from contaminated heroin can be fatal, even with typical cellulitis symptoms. Early recognition in intravenous drug users is crucial for prompt treatment and improved outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Cutaneous anthrax typically has a low mortality rate (<1%).
  • A concerning increase in anthrax-related deaths linked to contaminated heroin has been observed in the UK since December 2009.
  • This highlights a potential public health threat associated with illicit drug use.

Observation:

  • A case study of a heroin user presenting with cellulitis of the neck is detailed.
  • The patient's presentation was initially equivocal, mimicking common skin infections.
  • Rapid progression to fatal cutaneous anthrax occurred within 36 hours.

Findings:

  • Intravenous drug use is a risk factor for anthrax infection.
  • The clinical presentation of cutaneous anthrax in intravenous drug users may deviate from classic descriptions.

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Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats
10:35

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

Published on: November 11, 2013

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
12:18

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Published on: February 9, 2011

  • Delayed or missed diagnosis can lead to severe outcomes.

    • Implications:

    • Increased clinical awareness of anthrax in intravenous drug users is essential.
    • Healthcare providers should consider anthrax in the differential diagnosis of skin infections among this population.
    • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for managing anthrax and preventing mortality.