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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Bone turnover markers in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Aline G Costa1, John P Bilezikian

  • 1Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Journal of Clinical Densitometry : the Official Journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary hyperparathyroidism, a condition of high parathyroid hormone and calcium, can affect bones even without symptoms. Bone turnover markers help monitor skeletal involvement in this endocrine disorder.

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Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model
08:42

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

Published on: July 3, 2020

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model
08:42

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

Published on: July 3, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder defined by elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hypercalcemia.
  • Modern diagnostics, including calcium on metabolic panels, enable early detection, even in asymptomatic cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the skeletal impact of primary hyperparathyroidism, even when asymptomatic.
  • To emphasize the utility of bone turnover markers in assessing skeletal involvement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of endocrine and metabolic bone disease literature.
  • Analysis of the role of parathyroid hormone in bone remodeling.
  • Evaluation of bone turnover markers as indicators of skeletal changes.

Main Results:

  • Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism can still lead to skeletal complications.
  • Bone turnover markers provide a surrogate index of bone remodeling activity.
  • These markers can effectively monitor skeletal involvement.

Conclusions:

  • The skeleton is a significant target organ in primary hyperparparathyroidism, irrespective of symptomatic presentation.
  • Bone turnover markers are valuable tools for monitoring skeletal health in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.