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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute pancreatitis is the sudden inflammation of the pancreas caused by the early activation of digestive enzymes, leading to the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. This results in local inflammation and, in severe cases, systemic complications.EtiologyUnderstanding the underlying causes is crucial, as identifying the etiology guides treatment and anticipates complications. Acute pancreatitis can be triggered by various factors, typically grouped into the following clinical categories.Biliary...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Published on: December 15, 2011

Renal abscess in hyper-IgE syndrome.

Pérsio Roxo¹, Ullissis P Menezes, Silvio Tucci

¹Division of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. persiorj@fmrp.usp.br

|February 5, 2013

Summary

A rare kidney disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus occurred in a patient with hyper-IgE syndrome. This case highlights the severe challenges in managing renal complications in such patients, impacting survival.

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Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice

Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice

Published on: July 8, 2020

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Published on: December 15, 2011

Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice

Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice

Published on: July 8, 2020

Area of Science:

Medical Mycology
Nephrology
Immunology

Background:

Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE).
Recurrent sinopulmonary infections are common in HIES.
Renal complications are not typically associated with HIES.

Observation:

A patient with autosomal dominant HIES presented with recurrent pneumonia.
The patient developed acute necrosuppurative pyelonephritis.
The pyelonephritis was confirmed to be caused by Aspergillus fumigatus.

Findings:

This case represents a rare instance of kidney disease due to Aspergillus fumigatus in the context of HIES.
The infection led to a fatal outcome.
Management of renal complications in HIES patients poses significant difficulties.

Implications:

Aspergillus fumigatus infections can lead to severe renal disease in HIES patients.
Early recognition and aggressive management of renal complications are crucial for improving survival.
This case underscores the need for increased awareness of potential fungal infections affecting the kidneys in HIES.