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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Trim24-repressed VL30 retrotransposons regulate gene expression by producing noncoding RNA.

Benjamin Herquel1, Khalid Ouararhni, Igor Martianov

  • 1Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

TRIM24 and TRIM33 proteins suppress liver cancer by repressing endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Their absence causes ERV activation, triggering inflammatory responses and gene dysregulation, highlighting TRIM proteins in antiviral defense.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
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Published on: March 29, 2019

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Virology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Trim24 (Tif1α) and Trim33 (Tif1γ) form a co-repressor complex that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) can contribute to disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Trim24 and Trim33 in repressing VL30-class ERVs in liver.
  • To understand the consequences of ERV derepression on cellular responses and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Hepatocyte culture and Trim24 knockout models.
  • Analysis of VL30 ERV activity and downstream signaling pathways.
  • Investigation of long terminal repeat (LTR) function in gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Trim24 and Trim33 cooperatively repress retinoic acid receptor-dependent activity of VL30 ERVs.
  • Trim24 deficiency leads to VL30 derepression, cytoplasmic cDNA accumulation, and activation of interferon responses.
  • VL30 LTRs function as potent promoter and enhancer elements, deregulating neighboring genes and producing enhancer RNAs.

Conclusions:

  • TRIM proteins play a crucial role in retroviral restriction and antiviral defense.
  • Derepressed ERVs can create an oncogenic regulatory network through LTR-mediated gene dysregulation.
  • This study provides insights into ERV-host interactions and their implications in liver disease.