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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Working together: combinatorial regulation by microRNAs.

Yitzhak Friedman1, Ohad Balaga, Michal Linial

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) cooperatively regulate gene expression, overcoming individual specificity limitations. This combinatorial control impacts pathways and cellular homeostasis, offering a powerful regulatory strategy.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
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Published on: June 15, 2016

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism
09:05

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression.
  • Thousands of validated mRNA-miRNA interactions have been identified, with many transcripts targeted by multiple miRNAs.
  • Human stem cells show extensive miRNA-mRNA pairing, with 90% of transcripts associated with at least two miRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a combinatorial regulation model for miRNAs.
  • To present computational and experimental evidence supporting cooperative miRNA effects.
  • To introduce tools for analyzing miRNA cooperativity and its impact on biological pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing computational and experimental evidence for miRNA cooperativity.
  • Describing miRror2.0, a platform for assessing miRNA cooperativity based on targets, tissues, and cell lines.
  • Introducing Psi-miRror, an iterative procedure to refine regulation robustness.
  • Visualizing combinatorial miRNA regulation on human pathway graphs.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the combined effect of multiple miRNAs in gene regulation.
  • Miroor2.0 and Psi-miRror provide refined analysis of miRNA cooperativity.
  • Combinatorial miRNA regulation can disrupt human pathways.
  • A small set of miRNAs can significantly impact pathways.

Conclusions:

  • miRNA combinatorial regulation is a significant strategy for gene expression control.
  • This regulation operates at the level of single targets, pathways, and cellular homeostasis.
  • Cooperative miRNA action enhances regulatory precision and overcomes individual miRNA specificity issues.