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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

Robust object-based encoding in visual working memory.

Mowei Shen1, Ning Tang, Fan Wu

  • 1Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, PR China. mwshen@zju.edu.cn

Journal of Vision
|February 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Object-based encoding (OBE) in visual working memory (VWM) is robust. This study found that factors previously thought to weaken OBE do not erase the irrelevant-change distracting effect, confirming its consistent presence.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Visual working memory (VWM) research explores how nonspatial information is stored.
  • Object-based encoding (OBE) suggests that storing one feature automatically stores others.
  • Debate exists on whether OBE is consistently robust or condition-dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the robustness of object-based encoding (OBE) in visual working memory (VWM).
  • To analyze experimental differences that may explain conflicting findings on OBE.
  • To determine if specific experimental factors can eliminate the irrelevant-change distracting effect, thereby weakening OBE.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed differences in experimental designs between studies supporting and refuting robust OBE.
  • Manipulated three critical experimental factors identified from prior research.
  • Tested for the presence of the irrelevant-change distracting effect under manipulated conditions to assess OBE strength.

Main Results:

  • The irrelevant-change distracting effect remained consistent across experimental conditions and control groups.
  • Manipulating previously identified critical factors did not diminish the distracting effect.
  • Findings indicate that the tested factors do not weaken object-based encoding in VWM.

Conclusions:

  • Object-based encoding (OBE) is a robust phenomenon in visual working memory (VWM).
  • The analyzed experimental factors do not appear to limit the strength or presence of OBE.
  • Robust OBE is consistently observed, irrespective of the specific experimental manipulations tested.