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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Whispering gallery mode resonators augmented with engraved diffraction gratings.

David C Aveline1, Lukas M Baumgartel, Guoping Lin

  • 1Quantum Sciences and Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA. daveline@jpl.nasa.gov

Optics Letters
|February 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We developed whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators with integrated diffraction gratings for enhanced light coupling and spectral control. This novel fabrication method offers superior stability and efficiency for WGM resonator applications.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
12:21

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Published on: April 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Photonics and optical engineering
  • Nanofabrication and materials science

Background:

  • Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are crucial for various optical applications.
  • Current coupling methods, like evanescent coupling, face stability and directionality challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate WGM resonators integrated with diffraction gratings for improved performance.
  • To explore focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication for precise grating integration.
  • To assess the impact of gratings on coupling efficiency, stability, and spectral properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized focused ion beam (FIB) milling to engrave diffraction gratings onto the perimeter of crystalline WGM resonators.
  • Investigated the coupling mechanism provided by the integrated gratings.
  • Measured resonator quality factor (Q-factor) and analyzed spectral characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated WGM resonators with integrated surface gratings using FIB.
  • Demonstrated a stable, directional free-space coupling mechanism superior to evanescent coupling.
  • Achieved high Q-factors of approximately 3×10^7, indicating minimal fabrication-induced loss.
  • Observed excellent agreement between experimental diffraction angles and theoretical predictions.
  • Showcased spectral control capabilities, including significant reduction in mode density.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated diffraction gratings offer a robust and efficient solution for free-space coupling in WGM resonators.
  • FIB fabrication is a viable technique for creating high-performance integrated gratings without compromising resonator quality.
  • The developed technology holds significant potential for advancing WGM resonator-based lasers, sensors, and optoelectronic devices.