Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 14, 2026

04:11
A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats
Published on: November 6, 2018
Summary
Opioid withdrawal symptoms, driven by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the brain, contribute to addiction. Targeting these NMDA receptors may help manage opioid addiction and withdrawal.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
- Addiction Research
Background:
- Opioids can cause dependence and withdrawal syndrome upon cessation.
- Opioid withdrawal symptoms drive drug-seeking behavior, perpetuating addiction.
- N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are implicated in withdrawal and learned behaviors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the role of NMDA receptors in opioid withdrawal and addiction.
- To explore the potential of targeting NMDA receptors for addiction management.
Main Methods:
- Utilized animal models to study opioid withdrawal.
- Examined the function of limbic system NMDA-type glutamate receptors.
Main Results:
- NMDA receptors play a critical role in opioid withdrawal responses.
- NMDA receptor involvement was observed in learned aversive behaviors linked to drug seeking.
- NMDA receptor function is also associated with opioid reward pathways.
Conclusions:
- NMDA receptors are key players in opioid withdrawal and addiction.
- Modulating NMDA receptor activity presents a potential therapeutic strategy for opioid addiction.
- Targeting NMDA receptors could address multiple facets of opioid addiction, including reward and withdrawal.
Related Concept Videos
Opioid Receptors: Overview
Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Analgesia and Pain Management
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena
Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Drug Dependence
Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids
Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners
Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...

