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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
09:04

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

RNA decay via 3' uridylation.

Daniel D Scott1, Chris J Norbury

  • 1University of Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK. daniel.scott@path.ox.ac.uk

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|February 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

RNA uridylation, a 3' end modification, impacts RNA stability and degradation. This review explores uridylation

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Post-transcriptional RNA modifications, including polyadenylation, influence RNA stability, degradation, and translation.
  • RNA 3' end uridylation is a recently recognized modification with significant biological implications.
  • RNA terminal uridyltransferases evolved from ancestral poly(A) polymerases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological roles of RNA uridylation.
  • To examine the regulation of RNA uridylation.
  • To discuss the consequences of uridylation for RNA molecules, particularly in RNA degradation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on RNA uridylation.
  • Analysis of the evolutionary origins of RNA terminal uridyltransferases.

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Adapting 3' Rapid Amplification of CDNA Ends to Map Transcripts in Cancer
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Adapting 3' Rapid Amplification of CDNA Ends to Map Transcripts in Cancer

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
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Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Assay by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Assay by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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  • Examination of uridylation's role in the turnover of various RNA species.

    • Main Results:

    • Uridylation contributes to the degradation of mRNAs, pre-microRNAs, and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).
    • Mature microRNAs can also be uridylated, though the functional consequences are less understood.
    • HEN1 methyltransferase activity on piRNAs prevents uridylation, thus stabilizing these small RNAs.

    Conclusions:

    • RNA uridylation is a key regulator of RNA decay pathways for diverse RNA types.
    • Further investigation is needed to understand the regulation of other uridylation-dependent RNA decay mechanisms.
    • Uridylation represents a significant post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism impacting RNA fate.