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Related Concept Videos

What is Physical Chemistry?01:23

What is Physical Chemistry?

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the principles from physics underlying chemical reactions. It provides deep insights into the behaviors of molecules, the forces they experience, and their interactions and chemical reactions.The term "physical chemistry" was introduced by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752. Since then, it has seen significant contributions from notable scientists such as Josiah Willard Gibbs, Wilhelm Ostwald, Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff, and Linus Pauling.Key...
Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation
07:44

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

Published on: March 15, 2017

Top-down causation regarding the chemistry-physics interface: a sceptical view.

Eric R Scerri1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA.

Interface Focus
|February 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study explores emergence and downward causation in chemistry and physics, contrasting two authors' opposing views. The author advocates for scientific agnosticism on these phenomena pending further research.

Keywords:
chemistrydecoherenceemergencetop-down causation

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Published on: March 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Science
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Chemistry-Physics Interface

Background:

  • Two prominent authors offer conflicting perspectives on emergence and downward causation.
  • McLaughlin argues quantum mechanics precludes genuine emergence.
  • Hendry posits molecular structure supports emergence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the arguments of McLaughlin and Hendry regarding emergence and downward causation.
  • To evaluate the compatibility of emergence with quantum mechanics.
  • To propose a stance on the reality of emergence and downward causation.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical analysis of scientific arguments.
  • Examination of the implications of quantum mechanics for emergent phenomena.
  • Review of literature on the philosophy of chemistry and physics.

Main Results:

  • McLaughlin's argument suggests emergence is incompatible with quantum mechanics.
  • Hendry's perspective highlights molecular structure as evidence for emergence.
  • The author finds both arguments unconvincing.

Conclusions:

  • Neither author's argument definitively proves or disproves emergence and downward causation.
  • A position of scientific agnosticism is recommended.
  • Further empirical and theoretical studies are needed to resolve the debate.