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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation

Published on: November 22, 2016

Correlation of impression removal force with elastomeric impression material rigidity and hardness.

Mary P Walker¹, Nick Alderman, Cynthia S Petrie

¹UMKC School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. walkermp@umkc.edu

Journal of Prosthodontics : Official Journal of the American College of Prosthodontists

|February 8, 2013

Summary

Impression material rigidity and hardness do not predict removal difficulty. This study found no positive correlation between these properties and the force required to remove dental impressions, challenging previous assumptions.

Keywords:

Polyether elastic modulus flexibility impression removal force stiffness vinyl polyether siloxane vinylpolysiloxane

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Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

Difficult dental impression removal is often attributed to high rigidity and hardness of elastomeric materials.
Manufacturers have reformulated materials to reduce these properties, aiming to ease removal.
The direct relationship between impression removal difficulty and material rigidity or hardness has not been empirically evaluated.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the correlation between the removal difficulty of elastomeric dental impression materials and their rigidity (elastic modulus) and hardness (Shore A).

Main Methods:

Tested light- and medium-body polyether (PE), vinylpolysiloxane (VPS), and hybrid vinyl polyether siloxane (VPES) impression materials.
Measured rigidity via tensile testing and hardness using Shore A durometer.
Quantified impression removal force using a universal tester on a custom model.
Employed one-factor ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc, and Pearson's correlation analyses.

Main Results:

Medium-body VPS showed higher rigidity and hardness than VPES or PE, but PE required higher removal force.
Light-body VPS had higher hardness, with no significant rigidity differences; PE again required higher removal force.
Crucially, no positive correlation was found between impression removal force and rigidity or hardness for either material consistency.

Conclusions:

High rigidity and hardness of elastomeric impression materials are not reliable predictors of impression removal difficulty.
The findings suggest that factors other than material stiffness and hardness influence the force required for dental impression removal.