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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
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A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

Published on: December 30, 2025

Reflection optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy.

Hebin Li1, Galan Moody, Steven T Cundiff

  • 1JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA.

Optics Express
|February 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectroscopy for reflection geometry. This new method enables 2DFT spectroscopy for samples unsuitable for transmission measurements, like atomic vapors.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Atomic Physics

Background:

  • Optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for studying ultrafast dynamics.
  • Traditional 2DFT spectroscopy is typically performed in transmission geometry.
  • Certain samples, such as atomic vapors, are not amenable to transmission measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectroscopy technique.
  • To adapt 2DFT spectroscopy for reflection geometry.
  • To enable spectroscopic analysis of samples incompatible with transmission methods.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a reflection-based optical setup for 2DFT spectroscopy.
  • Acquisition of reflection 2DFT spectra from an atomic vapor sample.
  • Characterization of the technique's performance and applicability.

Main Results:

  • Successful implementation of optical 2DFT spectroscopy in reflection geometry.
  • Obtained various reflection 2DFT spectra for an atomic vapor.
  • Demonstrated the utility of the reflection technique where transmission is not feasible.

Conclusions:

  • The developed reflection 2DFT spectroscopy technique is a viable alternative to transmission methods.
  • This advancement expands the applicability of 2DFT spectroscopy to a broader range of samples.
  • The technique offers new possibilities for investigating the dynamics of atomic vapors and similar systems.