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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Introduction to Metabolism01:30

Introduction to Metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all biochemical reactions in a living organism, facilitating both the breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules. These metabolic processes are categorized into catabolic and anabolic pathways, which operate in a coordinated manner to ensure energy balance and cellular function.Catabolic Pathways and Energy ReleaseCatabolic pathways involve the breakdown of complex macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller structures like monosaccharides, fatty...

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Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain
13:11

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Published on: July 12, 2012

Early life programming and metabolic syndrome.

Xiu-Min Wang1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. wangxiumin1019@yahoo.com.cn

World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP
|February 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Early life nutrition and environmental exposures can epigenetically program children for metabolic syndrome (MS). The perinatal period offers a critical window for interventions to prevent adult-onset diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Public health

Background:

  • Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a global epidemic in children.
  • Early life "programming" influences the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and MS.
  • Nutritional imbalances and endocrine disruptor chemicals during development are risk factors for later-life MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of early life factors in the etiology of metabolic syndrome.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic gene regulation and transgenerational inheritance of disease phenotypes.
  • To identify targets for early intervention during the perinatal period.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of epigenetic marks in response to environmental stimuli.

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  • Studying the impact of diet and in utero environment on gene regulation.
  • Focusing on the perinatal period as a critical window for intervention.

    • Main Results:

    • Epigenetic reprogramming occurs due to environmental stimuli like diet and the in utero environment.
    • Early life exposures can influence the development of adult-onset disease phenotypes.
    • The perinatal period is a key developmental stage for physiological changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Early life interventions can potentially alter physiological pathways and prevent adult-onset diseases.
    • Understanding epigenetic mechanisms provides insight into disease inheritance.
    • Targeting the perinatal period is crucial for mitigating the risk of metabolic syndrome and related conditions.