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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Spin-orbit coupling in quantum gases.

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Synthetic spin-orbit coupling in ultracold atoms offers tunable control, enabling unique quantum physics research. This review covers experimental and theoretical advancements in engineered spin-orbit coupling for novel physics.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is fundamental to condensed matter phenomena like topological insulators.
  • In solids, SOC arises from intrinsic electric fields, limiting tunability.
  • Ultracold atomic systems offer a unique platform for engineering synthetic SOC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of spin-orbit coupling in ultracold atomic systems.
  • To highlight the unique physics enabled by engineered SOC in these systems.
  • To discuss experimental and theoretical advancements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing laser fields to engineer synthetic spin-orbit couplings in ultracold atoms.
  • Exploring tunable 'material parameters' in atomic systems.
  • Theoretical modeling and experimental realization of novel SOC phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of controllable synthetic spin-orbit coupling in ultracold atomic gases.
  • Observation of unique quantum phenomena not accessible in solid-state systems.
  • Advancements in theoretical frameworks for understanding engineered SOC.

Conclusions:

  • Ultracold atoms provide an unprecedented platform for studying spin-orbit coupling.
  • Engineered SOC enables exploration of novel quantum states and phenomena.
  • Future research directions in synthetic SOC for fundamental physics are promising.