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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of a Biomimetic Artificial Intervertebral Disc in a Goat Animal Model
07:06

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of a Biomimetic Artificial Intervertebral Disc in a Goat Animal Model

Published on: October 10, 2025

Cervical intervertebral disc replacement.

Garrick W Cason1, Harry N Herkowitz

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA. gwcason@gmail.com

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
|February 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cervical disc replacement (CDR) offers clinical results equivalent to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). CDR may reduce adjacent spinal-level disease by preserving motion and lowering pressure, but long-term data is needed.

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Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability
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Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of a Biomimetic Artificial Intervertebral Disc in a Goat Animal Model
07:06

Surgical Technique for the Implantation of a Biomimetic Artificial Intervertebral Disc in a Goat Animal Model

Published on: October 10, 2025

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability
11:30

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Spinal Biomechanics
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Symptomatic adjacent-level disease is a concern following cervical fusion.
  • Cervical disc replacement (CDR) prostheses have been developed to address this issue.
  • Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common surgical treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the clinical outcomes and complication rates of CDR versus ACDF.
  • To evaluate the biomechanical and kinematic effects of CDR on the cervical spine.
  • To investigate the potential of CDR to reduce adjacent spinal-level disease.

Main Methods:

  • Randomized controlled trials comparing CDR and ACDF.
  • Biomechanical, kinematic, and radiographic analyses of CDR.
  • Assessment of intradiscal pressures adjacent to CDR.

Main Results:

  • CDR demonstrated at least equivalent clinical results compared to ACDF.
  • CDR showed similar or lower complication rates than ACDF.
  • Biomechanical studies indicated CDR more closely mimics native spinal motion and center of rotation.

Conclusions:

  • Cervical disc replacement is a viable alternative to ACDF with comparable or better outcomes.
  • CDR's motion-preserving nature may decrease adjacent spinal-level disease incidence.
  • Long-term follow-up is required to confirm the reduced incidence of adjacent segment pathology.