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Related Concept Videos

Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
09:21

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Published on: January 18, 2018

[Evolution in optimization of stroke treatment].

S A Zhivolupov, I N Samartsev, K V Ivanova

    Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
    |February 8, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability globally. This study highlights the importance of neuroprotective drugs, particularly antihypoxants like mexidol, in modern stroke treatment and prevention strategies.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Cardiovascular Medicine
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Stroke is a major global cause of mortality and long-term disability.
    • Understanding of stroke etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment has significantly evolved.
    • Effective management requires integrating contemporary research and clinical expertise.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate current theoretical and practical aspects of stroke treatment and prophylaxis.
    • To emphasize the role of pharmacotherapy in managing stroke patients.
    • To highlight the significance of specific neuroprotective agents.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of multicenter clinical trials.
    • Synthesis of experience from leading international and domestic specialists.

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  • Analysis of contemporary pharmacotherapy approaches for stroke.

    • Main Results:

    • Contemporary approaches to stroke treatment and prophylaxis have been elucidated.
    • Pharmacotherapy is a critical component of stroke management.
    • Neuroprotective drugs, especially antihypoxants with pleiotropic effects (e.g., mexidol), are crucial.

    Conclusions:

    • Modern stroke management benefits from updated theoretical and practical insights.
    • The strategic application of neuroprotective agents like mexidol is vital for improving patient outcomes.
    • Continued research and clinical application of effective pharmacotherapies are essential for combating stroke.