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Updated: May 14, 2026

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
Published on: April 28, 2022
Validation of the four-dimensional structure of drinking motives among adults
Rik Crutzen1, Emmanuel Kuntsche
1Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, NL–6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Rik.Crutzen@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Background:
In the motivational model of alcohol use, there are two dimensions underlying the classification of drinking motives resulting in four drinking motive categories: enhancement, social, coping, and conformity motives.
Methods:
Using confirmatory factor analysis, the current study provides evidence on the best fitting factor structure in a large representative general population study among adults in the Netherlands (n = 2,440; two data waves separated by 3 months) using the DMQ-R (Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised).
Results:
The four-factor structure had the best fit at both time points in comparison with any other solution. Test-retest reliabilities indicate individual motive change in level over time, but not in terms of the four-factor structure.
Conclusion:
The results replicate and extend previous findings among adolescents, in line with the motivational model of alcohol use, and suggest the utility of using the DMQ-R in future studies on adults' drinking motives.
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