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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

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Published on: July 30, 2011

Classification of diabetes.

Jorge de Faria Maraschin¹

¹Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Santa Catarina, Brazil. jorge.maraschin@unisul.br

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|February 9, 2013

Summary

The classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) evolved from therapy-based (IDDM/NIDDM) to pathogenesis-based (Type 1/Type 2) for better patient treatment. Further research is needed to refine DM categorization.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Diseases
Clinical Classification Systems

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.
Early classifications, like the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) scheme (1979), categorized DM based on treatment (Insulin-dependent DM [IDDM] vs. Non-insulin-dependent DM [NIDDM]).
These early classifications led to patient misclassification over time.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evolution of diabetes mellitus classification systems.
To highlight the shift from treatment-based to pathogenesis-based categorization.
To underscore the importance of accurate classification for effective diabetes management.

Main Methods:

Historical review of major diabetes classification schemes.

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Analysis of the limitations of the NDDG classification.

Examination of the American Diabetes Association's (ADA) 1997 classification framework.

Main Results:

The NDDG classification (IDDM/NIDDM) proved inadequate due to misclassification.
The ADA's 1997 classification, based on pathogenesis, introduced four categories: Type 1 DM, Type 2 DM, other types, and gestational diabetes.
This new system aimed for more precise patient categorization.

Conclusions:

Accurate diabetes mellitus classification is crucial for appropriate therapeutic strategies.
The pathogenesis-based classification represents a significant advancement in understanding DM heterogeneity.
Ongoing research is necessary to address remaining ambiguities and further enhance diabetes classification systems.