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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Effects from birth brachial plexus injury and postural control.

Elizabeth Ridgway1, Maria Valicenti-McDermott, Lillian Kornhaber

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, RF Kennedy Center of Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. elizabeth.ridgway@einstein.yu.edu

The Journal of Pediatrics
|February 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Children with birth brachial plexus injury often show postural control deficits affecting their entire body. Treatment should focus on holistic motor development, not just the injured limb, for better outcomes.

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
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Published on: March 27, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
06:51

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric neurology
  • Developmental pediatrics
  • Physical therapy

Background:

  • Birth brachial plexus injury (BBPI) is a significant concern in neonatology.
  • Postural control deficits are common sequelae of neurological conditions in infants.
  • Early identification of motor impairments is crucial for intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of postural control deficits in children with BBPI.
  • To characterize the nature of motor impairments associated with BBPI.
  • To inform management strategies for children with BBPI.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 32 children diagnosed with BBPI.
  • Clinical assessment of postural control, including posture and movement patterns.
  • Evaluation of motor development across the entire body.

Main Results:

  • A high prevalence (31/32 children) of postural control deficits was observed.
  • Common deficits included asymmetrical posture and atypical movement patterns.
  • Impairments extended beyond the affected upper extremity.

Conclusions:

  • Postural control deficits are a near-universal finding in children with BBPI.
  • Comprehensive management addressing whole-body motor development is essential.
  • Interventions should target global motor function for optimal recovery in BBPI.