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Updated: May 14, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
Shoulder instability in the young athlete
Benton E Heyworth1, Mininder S Kocher
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
Abstract:
Shoulder instability is among the most common musculoskeletal injuries and overuse conditions in pediatric and adolescent athletes requiring orthopaedic care. Injury patterns in skeletally immature patients are unique to the developing musculoskeletal system and may be specific to the involved sport. It is helpful to have an outline of the basic diagnostic approaches and to review the literature that guides management principles in young athletes with shoulder instability.
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