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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
08:45

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Published on: March 18, 2016

SWItching on epidermal cell fate.

Carolina N Perdigoto1, Evan S Bardot, Elena Ezhkova

  • 1Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|February 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin regulatory complexes control stem cell fate. ACTL6a protein prevents the SWI/SNF complex from targeting differentiation genes, maintaining the epidermal progenitor state.

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Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis
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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
08:45

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Published on: March 18, 2016

Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

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Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis
09:16

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Published on: December 14, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Chromatin regulation

Background:

  • Chromatin regulatory complexes are crucial for stem cell fate determination.
  • The precise mechanisms governing the activity of these complexes remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is key to controlling cell differentiation.

Discussion:

  • Bao et al. identify ACTL6a as a key regulator of SWI/SNF complex activity.
  • ACTL6a functions by inhibiting the SWI/SNF complex's access to differentiation genes.
  • This inhibition is critical for maintaining the undifferentiated state of epidermal progenitor cells.

Key Insights:

  • ACTL6a acts as a novel inhibitor of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex.
  • The study elucidates a mechanism for preserving stem cell identity by preventing premature differentiation.
  • Targeting ACTL6a could offer new strategies for controlling epidermal stem cell fate.

Outlook:

  • Further research into ACTL6a's interactions could reveal broader roles in stem cell regulation.
  • Understanding this pathway may lead to therapeutic interventions for skin regeneration and diseases.
  • The findings provide a foundation for exploring similar regulatory mechanisms in other stem cell systems.