Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Orthogonal relay system for efficient CO-to-ethanol electrosynthesis.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Molecularly engineered covalent hydrophobic interface for enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> electromethanation in strong acid.

National science review·2026
Same author

Ag-Doping-Mediated Interlayer Coordination Engineering: Enabling Thermoelectric <i>ZT</i> = 1 in TMDs-Derived Narrow-Gap Semiconductor CuCrTi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub>.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Atomic-scale quantification of individual oxygen vacancies and structural evolution in valence change memristors.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Unraveling the Intercalation-Mediated Phase Transformation and Epitaxy at the Mn/MoS<sub>2</sub> Heterointerface.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Molecular-Fence Confinement Enabling Efficient Acidic CO<sub>2</sub> Electroreduction to Multi-carbon Products.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

Comparison of convergent beam electron diffraction methods for simultaneous structure and Debye Waller factor

Xiahan Sang1, Andreas Kulovits, Jörg Wiezorek

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 636 Benedum Hall, 3700 O Hara Street, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA. xis20@pitt.edu

Ultramicroscopy
|February 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction (QCBED) enables precise crystal structure analysis. The multi-beam off-zone axis (MBOZA) technique offers superior sensitivity for refining structure and Debye Waller factors.

More Related Videos

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092
08:53

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

Published on: October 2, 2017

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092
08:53

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

Published on: October 2, 2017

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Accurate structure and Debye-Waller (DW) factors are crucial for determining electron density and interatomic bonding in crystals.
  • Quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction (QCBED) is a powerful technique for these measurements.
  • Existing QCBED methods, including Zone Axis Pattern (ZAP) and Excited Row (ER), have limitations in sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze Bloch wave excitation and dispersion surfaces for three prominent QCBED methods.
  • To compare the sensitivity of ZAP, ER, and multi-beam off-zone axis (MBOZA) techniques to structure and DW factor variations.
  • To identify the most effective QCBED method for robust and simultaneous refinement of crystal parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Bloch wave excitation and dispersion surfaces.
  • Comparison of QCBED patterns generated by ZAP, ER, and MBOZA orientations.
  • Evaluation of the sensitivity of each method to changes in structure and DW factors.

Main Results:

  • The MBOZA orientation generally produces QCBED patterns with more and stronger excited Bloch wave branches compared to ZAP and ER methods.
  • Increased number and strength of excited Bloch wave branches enhance the sensitivity of the diffraction patterns to variations in structure and DW factors.
  • The MBOZA technique demonstrates higher sensitivity to both structure and DW factors.

Conclusions:

  • QCBED patterns from the MBOZA orientation are more sensitive to changes in structure and DW factors than those from ZAP and ER methods.
  • The MBOZA technique facilitates more effective and robust simultaneous refinement of structure and DW factors.
  • MBOZA represents an advancement in QCBED for precise crystallographic analysis.