Overload syndromes of the knee in adolescents: Sonographic findings

Overload syndromes are caused by repetitive microtrauma, and the knee joint is most frequently affected in adolescents. The reason for this is that the knee joint is engaged in almost all sports activities. Pathologies related to the anterior aspect of the knee are: femoropatellar pain, jumper's knee syndromes, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome and patellar stress fractures; to the medial aspect: semimembranous tendon enthesopathy and pes anserinus bursitis; to the lateral aspect: iliotibial band syndrome (runner's knee), popliteus and femoral biceps tendon enthesopathy; to the posterior aspect: fabella syndrome and medial gastrocnemius muscle tendon enthesopathy. Sonography plays a central role in the diagnosis and can also evaluate the evolution of diseases. This method is well accepted by the patients and by their parents, it does not involve exposure to X-rays and it is inexpensive. US imaging should, therefore, be considered a first-line imaging diagnostic technique in functional overuse syndromes of the knee.