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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...

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A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
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Quantitative Raman spectroscopy in turbid matter: reflection or transmission mode?

Dieter Oelkrug1, Edwin Ostertag, Rudolf W Kessler

  • 1Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. dieter.oelkrug@uni-tuebingen.de

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|February 12, 2013
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Summary

This study compares Raman reflection and transmission intensities, revealing distinct behaviors with sample thickness and absorption. Transmission Raman spectroscopy offers deep probing in stratified systems, unlike reflection methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for material analysis.
  • Understanding the interplay between sample properties and measurement geometry is crucial for accurate quantification.
  • Existing models often simplify sample interactions, limiting applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare Raman intensities obtained from reflection (X(R)) and transmission (X(T)) setups.
  • To investigate the influence of sample thickness, absorption, and scattering on Raman signal intensity.
  • To validate theoretical models with experimental data from organic polymers and pharmaceutical powders.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculations using random walk and analytical approaches.
  • Experimental validation with strongly scattering organic polymer layers.
  • Testing with powder tablets of pharmaceutical ingredients.

Main Results:

  • For non-absorbing layers, X(T)/X(R) approaches 0.5 for thick samples, differing from primary irradiation.
  • Absorbing materials show saturated X(R) and exponentially decaying X(T).
  • Transmission Raman requires specific sample area to thickness ratios for quantitative analysis and enables deep probing in stratified systems.

Conclusions:

  • Raman reflection and transmission exhibit fundamentally different behaviors based on sample properties.
  • Transmission Raman spectroscopy is advantageous for probing buried layers in stratified systems.
  • A modified reflection setup can enable full depth monitoring in scattering samples, beneficial for process analytical technology.