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Related Experiment Video

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Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

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Are effortful and reactive control unique constructs in young children?

Nancy Eisenberg¹, Alison Edwards, Tracy L Spinrad

¹Department of Psychology.

Developmental Psychology

|February 13, 2013

Summary

This study found that effortful control (EC), impulsivity (IMP), and novelty overcontrol (NOV) are distinct in toddlers by 42 months. At 30 months, impulsivity and novelty overcontrol were combined, showing developmental changes in self-regulation constructs.

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Area of Science:

Developmental psychology
Child psychology
Behavioral science

Background:

Self-regulation is crucial for child development.
Understanding distinct self-regulation constructs aids in identifying developmental trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if effortful control (EC), reactive undercontrol (IMP), and reactive overcontrol (NOV) are distinct constructs in early childhood.
To examine the developmental stability of these constructs from 30 to 54 months of age.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal study with parent, caregiver, and observer ratings of EC, IMP, and NOV.
Behavioral indices were collected at 30, 42, and 54 months.
Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test 1-, 2-, and 3-factor models.

Main Results:

A 3-factor model best fit the data at 42 and 54 months, indicating distinct EC, IMP, and NOV constructs.
At 30 months, a 2-factor model best fit, combining IMP and low inhibition to novelty.
All constructs showed some interindividual consistency over time, particularly EC and IMP.

Conclusions:

Effortful control, impulsivity, and inhibition to novelty emerge as distinct self-regulation constructs by toddlerhood.
These constructs exhibit developmental changes and relative stability, informing early identification and intervention strategies.